Recycling Speech free essay sample

Everybody today has known about the fact that it is so essential to reuse and most urban communities offer a reusing program, however what precisely is reusing and how helpful is it truly to us and the earth? Reusing is the way toward transforming one items helpful parts into another item; this is done to moderate on the utilization of assets, vitality, and space utilized in landfills. In spite of the training and consciousness of an unnatural weather change and the need to monitor Earths valuable assets individuals overall keep on living as though there is no restriction to our space and to our assets. Indeed, even the most cognizant disapproved of individual who fills their reuse canisters every week may not understand the measure of recyclable material that is ordinarily discarded in little manners. The United States is the world’s biggest garbage delivering nation at 1,609 pounds of junk for each individual every year. That’s pretty much 5% of the world’s populace creating about 40% of the world’s squander. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reusing Speech or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In 2006, the United States arrived at a milestone in its paper reusing endeavors with 53. 4% of the paper devoured being recouped for reusing. Reusing paper isn't sufficient be that as it may; and despite the fact that the most widely recognized recyclable things including glass, plastic, paper and aluminum are to a great extent being sent to reusing focuses, the reusing endeavors all in all through the world need to increment in the event that we need to see a checked distinction in our landfills, assets and an unnatural weather change. Starting today, Americans utilize 2. 5 million plastic containers consistently, of which under 1% are reused. By reusing only one jug you’re sparing enough vitality to light a 100-watt bulb for 4 hours. Furthermore, for each ton of plastic that is reused we spare what might be compared to 2 people’s vitality use for a year, the measure of water utilized by 1 individual in 2 month’s time and very nearly 2000 pounds of oil. Odd as it appears there are numerous individuals who don't understand that the plastic containers our water comes in are made utilizing oil. This is a similar oil that is utilized to make fuel. Its a similar oil that is in such appeal and isn't a boundless asset. A huge number of barrels of this oil could be spared on the off chance that we increment our endeavors to reuse aluminum jars. Despite the fact that they are among the most well known reused materials and record for under 1% of the all out U. S. squander stream, Americans discard enough aluminum to modify our whole business armada of planes like clockwork, and the vitality required to supplant only the aluminum jars squandered in 2001 was proportional to 16 million barrels of raw petroleum, enough to meet the power needs of all homes in Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, San Francisco and Seattle. Maybe where we have to center significantly more consideration is paper squander. The normal American uses 650 pounds of paper every year, and just about portion of all paper items are being reused. It’s as simple as placing your paper in the reuse receptacle rather than the trash one. Truth be told, if everybody reused their papers, we could spare around 250 million trees every year. Reusing one ton (around 2,000 pounds) of paper spares 17 trees, 380 gallons of oil (enough to run the normal vehicle for 1,260 miles), 4,100 kilowatts of vitality (enough force for the normal home for a half year), 7,000 gallons of water, 3. cubic yards of landfill space, and 60 pounds of contamination. The measure of wood and paper we discard every year is sufficient to warm 50,000,000 homes for a long time, spare 100 million tons of wood, and ingest a huge number of pounds of carbon dioxide out of the air every year. The vast majority don’t understand the damage they’re causing just by tossing last semesters notes in the trash. The normal individual discards ar ound 1. 5 tons of strong waste every year. The EPA gauges that 75 percent of it is recyclable, just around 30 percent is really reused. Since individuals haven’t reused enough before, landfills are flooding. Mount Rumpke is the most noteworthy point in Ohio. It is actually a heap of junk heaped 1000 feet high and in a landfill. Have you ever known about the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? Its double the size of Texas and is skimming somewhere close to San Francisco and Hawaii. It’s simply like a monster trash island. Its 80 percent plastic, and tips the scales at 3. 5 million tons. What's more, interestingly, plastic sacks and other plastic trash tossed into the sea like this executes upwards of 1,000,000 ocean animals a year! The pace of the Rain Forests’ being chopped down, is an amazing 100 sections of land for every moment! So in the time it takes me to give this discourse, 400 possibly 500 sections of land gone. A large portion of which could be saved if individuals would reuse their paper items. Truth be told if all paper items were reused it would spare more than 100 million tons of wood for every year. It’s stunning what number of assets we can spare, and how much contamination we can forestall by reusing. Be that as it may, individuals haven’t instructed themselves with regards to how much vitality is squandered by simply tossing things in the garbage, thus don’t mull over it. A study was done and 9 out of 10 individuals reviewed said they would reuse more in the event that it was simpler. The reality of the situation is, it’s absurdly simple. Simply putting your vacant soft drink bottle in the trash can with the triangle on it, and it secures the Earth and its assets, and us from hurtful contamination. Taking one minute to put your paper, soft drink can and glass spaghetti container in the reusing receptacle will spare everybody long periods of ecological damage from creation of new materials, packed landfills and the consumption of our regular assets. We as a whole live on this Earth, we have to secure it.

Sustainable Solutions Paper (Answering Questions) Essay

Reasonable Solutions Paper (Answering Questions) - Essay Example This shows a test that the organization faces in its gracefully chain business. This paper speaks to an investigation of the organization utilizing conventional key reasoning instruments. Partner Identification and Value Analysis Stakeholders allude to association, people, or gatherings of people who might be influenced by a company’s choice. Clients are the fundamental partners of the organization. This is on the grounds that the organization has a duty of meeting their scent and aroma prerequisites. Accordingly, any choice made by the organization concerning the idea of the item is probably going to influence the clients. The clients characterize the corporate-level procedure of the organization. This is on the grounds that customer’s fulfillment designates 'Albani’s principle business. Business-level procedure is the other noteworthy undertaking level system. The methodology characterizes the company’s seriousness and supportability in the fragrance bus iness. The company’s workers have added to the company’s supportability through the formation of top notch items. The company’s banks and advertisers have additionally added to the company’s development and manageability by guaranteeing that the organization has adequate capital. Albani advertisers and loan specialists satisfy the practical level system of the business. At long last, the organization has a social duty that is past creation of benefits. These obligations characterize the job of the association and the fundamental view of people in general towards the association. The general public, which is a greater set that contains the company’s clients speak to Albani’s open picture. Culture: Organizational culture alludes to â€Å"a assortment of qualities and standards inside an association which are shared by all partners and they decide or control how individuals interface (Macmillan, 2007). As indicated by the article, Albaniâ€⠄¢s hierarchical culture can be named â€Å"bet your organization culture.† The company’s choices majorly affect its clients. In this way, significant choices are taken subsequent to thinking about the perspectives on all the partners. For example changing the brand name of a specific aroma will require the endorsement of the clients and other pertinent partners. Such choices require statistical surveying that may set aside a long effort to appear. Incorporated Concepts from Readings According to the past records, the accomplishment of an organization relies upon different elements. Every one of these variables has a task to carry out in deciding the general idea of the company’s outer or interior condition. The venture level methodologies characterize the job of the business and its observation as indicated by the general public. Hence, endeavor techniques are worried about the corporate social obligation of the business. The company’s culture and endeav or techniques are consistent notwithstanding not been firmly related. This shows an organization may have statement of purpose that isn't adjusted to its venture techniques. Nonetheless, the company’s vision ought to be harmonious to its endeavor techniques. Something else, its vision won't be huge to its activities. General Force Analysis General powers are factors that influence all business working in a specific industry. This demonstrates the general powers characterize the general business condition. General powers identify with the general public and the country’

Common Mistakes Interfaith Couples Make

Common Mistakes Interfaith Couples Make Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print Fixing Common Interfaith Marriage Mistakes By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Updated on February 08, 2020 StockSnap / Pixabay More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse If you and your spouse are an interfaith couple, you may be making some critical mistakes that could harm your marriage. These missteps  will have you setting yourselves up for festering bitterness, nagging tensions, and continuing arguments about your religious differences in your interfaith marriage. Weve compiled a list of mistakes that those in interfaith marriages make. Mistakes in Your Interfaith Marriage Ignoring your religious differences.Taking a love conquers all attitude and ignoring the problem thinking it will go away.Believing that your different religious affiliations are unimportant in the long term.Thinking that a sense of humor is all that you need to survive the religious differences in your interfaith marriage.Discounting that there are some decisions that cannot be compromised such as circumcision, baptism, bris, tithing, and more.Believing that differences in faith will always be an irreconcilable problem in your interfaith marriage.Failing to recognize the importance of understanding, respecting, accepting, and dealing with your religious differences in your interfaith marriage.Unless there has been parental abuse, making the decision to cut ties with extended family.Assuming that you understand all of one anothers faith issues.Believing that your love for each other will conquer all your interfaith marriage problems.Thinking that converting to your spouses faith will make things easier.Dismissing your familys concerns about your interfaith marriage.Believing that your interfaith marriage wont face any hurdles.Not discussing, prior to your interfaith marriage, concerns around your childrens religious upbringing.Refusing to discover the common characteristics your religions may have.Not being open to examining how your backgrounds, religions, and cultures have shaped your attitudes and beliefs.Failure to plan ahead for the holidays and other special life-cycle events.Forcing your beliefs upon your partner.Turning the holidays into a competition between your faiths.Not understanding your own faith.Continuing to push hot buttons about faith differences.Letting family and friends get in the middle of your interfaith marital relationship.Having a lack of respect for each others heritage.Not being curious about your partners heritage, culture or religious beliefs.Failing to timely inform your families and friends of your holiday decisions.Forcing your children to feel as if they must choose between their fathers or mothers religion.Giving your children negative vibes, attitudes or comments about your partners religion.Privatizing your religious belief and not claiming or talking about your faith with your spouse.Giving in so much that you lose your own traditions and ultimately, your own self-respect. 10 Things You Shouldnt Do During an Argument Being Unified and Respectful as a Couple According to Luchina Fishers 2010 article, Chelsea Clintons Interfaith Marriage Challenge: Kids, Holidays, Soul-Searching, Susanna Macomb said one of the biggest mistakes interfaith couples make is not presenting a united front to their families.?? Its important that couples make decisions together and then present them together to their families. Its easy to blame the newcomer in the family, Macomb said. Its up to you to protect your spouse from your parents. Make no mistake, on your wedding day, youre choosing your partner. Your marriage must now come first. Marrying outside your own faith requires the two of you to be especially mature, respectful and compromising to have a successful long-term relationship. It will take a significant amount of effort to not let external influences cause irreparable damage  between  you both, such as in-laws or grandparents, along with your internal differences in religious backgrounds. Take the time before you marry to explore these concerns with each other, (or a neutral outside professional), that may come up. If thats too late already and you find youre having some difficulty navigating this territory, seek out professional help  as soon as possible. How Nitpicking Can Ruin Your Marriage

Keeping the Air Flair Virgin Blue Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Markets thrive on the processes of the learning organization which continuously make efforts to disseminate information across the organization about markets, products, technologies, and business processes. Hence, in the competitive business environment data, information and knowledge become the three major elements of the informed choices that need to be effectively linked to the organizational goals and objectives. The product is of vital importance and pricing makes it a saleable item. But maintaining a good database of customers must become the intrinsic part of market strategy because it helps to know the changing preferences of the customers. Hence, Virgin must use the feedback from customers to improve and improvise its strategies for better performance outcome. In the fast-changing dynamics of global business, marketing mix helps establish strong market position. The company needs to adopt integrated marketing concept (IMC) in its marketing strategy to promote its new scheme s and changed the image. Porter argues that a company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve. It must deliver greater value to customers or create comparable value at a lower cost, or do both (Porter, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping the Air Flair Virgin Blue or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

ESSAY ON 3 WAR POEMS - 1160 Words

ESSAY ON 3 WAR POEMS No man wants to go to war and no government wants war but there are many different circumstances that lead to the action of war. Those involved in war will have political and personal views towards it. The First World War was greeted with great enthusiasm and patriotism; however it was the war in which millions died compared to the wars after. In the past 200 years warfare has changed and with this change the ideas on war have changed too. Wilfred Owen, Rudyard Kipling and David Roberts are well known war poets. Using a selection of their poems we hope to analyze the two conflicting views on war. To understand what influenced the poets we need to get an idea of their social and historical background.†¦show more content†¦He than counteracts these thoughts and statements by saying â€Å"Who stands if freedom falls?† and â€Å"Who dies if England live?† By this I think he means that even if you die during this war you will live on through England and the freedom of mankind so fight because you have nothing to loose. If you compare this poem to ‘The solider’ written by Rupert Brooke in the same year, you will find that the main view is the same. Both poems try to glorify warfare. I think this is because the poems were written in the early stages of WW1 before most of the blood was spilled, so both poets took the opportunity to recruit more soldiers. Wilfred Owen was a solider in WW1 and battled at the front most of the war; because of this I feel his view on the war can be trusted. Wilfred Owens poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Was first published after the war in 1921 even though it was probably written between the years 1915 and 1918 like his other poems. I think this is because it describes the true horror of warfare so the generals didn’t want it published as it might discourage others from signing up to join the army. The title of the poem isShow MoreRelatedWar Poem Comparison Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesMcNair and Kevin Wilson Q. In an essay of not more than 1,500 words compare and contrast ONE PAIR of the two pairs of poems printed below. Your answer should exhibiy a clear understanding of each poem’s meaning and tone, and you should consider the effect and importance of formal features, such as rhyme scheme, sound patterning, word choice, figurative language and punctuation. Date handed in : 31st January 2011 This essay will compare the poems â€Å"On Passing the New Menin Gate† by SiegfriedRead MoreAn Analysis of William Wordsworths The Female Vagrant1619 Words   |  7 PagesIn Wordsworths narrative poem The Female Vagrant, a British female vagrant who grew up in the country narrates her plight which took place during the later part of the eighteenth century when Britain was under urbanization, industrialization, and fighting in the American war for independence. Her plight was a result of the effects which these above mentioned events which were taking place in Britain had on her rural family life. This essay will explore how in the poem, The Female Vagrant WordsworthsRead MoreCritical Essay on â€Å"the Second Coming†1132 Words   |  5 PagesCritical essay on â€Å"The Second Coming† â€Å"The Second Coming† from W.B. Yeats is a description that transcends the limits of poetic beauty to become a work of critical character.  The poem transmits to the reader an atmosphere of chaos and destruction, this description chaotic of environment has a direct relationship with the cultural and political interwar period.  The poem has three common themes: 1) the presentation of chaotic motion as the bustle of the World War I destruction left in its wake,Read MoreThe Horses by Edwin Muir Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pages The Poem that I am going to talk about in this essay is The Horses by Edwin Muir. In this essay I am going to talk about the poems use of language to convey a picture, the theme of the poem and how the poem has affected me. On the first few lines of the poem, the word choice is crucial, the poet uses the phrase Barely a twelvemonth after, the word twelvemonth is an old word and this conveys one of the poems main reoccurring images of timeRead MoreComparing The Iliad And The Odyssey905 Words   |  4 PagesThis short essay will identify five traditional epic characteristics that are evident in both the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first epic characteristic evident in both epics is catalogs and genealogies. For instance, Book VIII of the Odyssey features a list of participants in the game (115-125) and the Iliad Book II features a catalog of ships (484-759). Secondly, both epics start in media res. The Odyssey starts ten years after the Trojan War and the Illiad starts nine years after the start of theRead MoreAnalysis of Anthem for Doomed Youth1382 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† Originally published in 1920, shortly after World War I, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† demonstrates the horror of the unjust deaths of young soldiers. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is a poem about Owen’s distain towards the honourless way in which young soldiers pass on, and the impact their deaths have on the loved ones they leave behind. The following essay will show that in the anti-war poem, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, Owen uses sensational description to evoke the angerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Unknown Citizen 1518 Words   |  7 Pagesamerica i† by e.e. cumming are two poems that deal with similar issues. They both address the issue of dying soldiers and blame blind patriotism for the deaths of these soldiers. The theme of both poems deals with the need for citizens to become more outspoken and follow their own beliefs instead of simply following their country. However, each poem addresses a topic that isn’t found in the other poem, and the poems themselves are structurally different. Auden’s poem is simply a description of a manRead MoreDefamiliarization in Relation to Winfred Owens Poem Anthem for Doomed Youth726 Words   |  3 Pages In this Essay I will discuss defamiliarization in relation to Wifred Owen’s poem â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†. I will examine how his use of defamiliarization affects the reader in their understanding of the poem. To defamiliarize is to â€Å"make (something) unfamiliar or strange† (Definition of Defamiliarize. www.oxforddictionaries.com. 29 Nov 2013). This involves making the words seem different to the reader that they have a hidden meaning, it makes it strange to the reader. It encourages the readerRead Moremmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm21480 Words   |  86 Pages Term Papers and Free Essays Browse Essays Read full version essay Explication Of The Man He Killed Explication Of The Man He Killed Print version essay is available for you! You can search Free Term Papers and College Essay Examples written by students!. Join Essays24.com and get instant access to Explication Of The Man He Killed and over 30,000 other Papers and Essays Category: English Autor: anton 14 May 2011 Words: 537 | Pages: 3 Explication of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Man He Killedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  byRead MoreWilfred Owens War Poetry1219 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the First World War. However, this reality was long kept from the knowledge of the civilians at home, who continued to write about the noble pursuit of heroic ideals in old patriotic slogans (Anthology 2012: 2017). Those poets who were involved on the front soon realized the full horror of war, which is reflected in their poetic techniques, diction, and imaginations. Campbell (1999: 204) refers to their poetry as trench lyric, which not only calls attention to the poems’ most common setting

HBR case Free Essays

While MS gained the biggest share in SO market, it could not achieve the same dominance in PC applications. The organization of Office Business Unit (BOB) in MS had departments that were functionally independent. M’s initial software development was at a large part decided by technicians who are enthusiastic in programming but less focused on user experience. We will write a custom essay sample on HBR case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In mid asses, they formally introduced program management into he development of new products. The project/tech lead, program manager, product manager, online/print-based lead and localization lead worked together in a cohesive endeavor for the office product. Although MS boasted its’ small company style which had small teams work together, the problem between product managers and developers was they didn’t cooperate very closely. Lack of communication and mutual understanding, they both acted in their own ways. Since M’s culture was ‘people know what they are doing and will try to do the right thing, they didn’t make enough effort to fix it. The development of Word for Windows was behind schedule when it first started. The requirements included too many features regarding the interface and integration with other applications, e. G. Database, spreadsheet, data protection etc. And frequent changes of management, e. G. The absence of technical lead had prolonged the development process. Besides, pressure on the schedule made it even more difficult for engineers to assure quality of the product. Although facing these difficulties, the program finally completed successfully. The market condition was also favorable to the Windrow since the product had fewer bug than expected and its’ competitor’s products were still under development. Ideas for improving product development in process, management and develop strategies came up based on the postmortem of BOB office development. It is now a consensus that more structured process, especially an early specification, and clear phases for design and implementation would help MS stick to the schedule. Some managers at MS contend that lack of control and focus in management was the major weak-point. I cannot totally agree with that, because if we need the teams to stay small and agile, there are definitely tradeoffs in management control. Last but not the least, it is also said that development strategy has been unsatisfactory for Word development. The share of code between products of different platform was difficult in the initial phases of development, but I don’t think we should blame too much on OBI-G’S development strategy since they were already aware of the problem. If they decided to deal with this problem, the release of Word would be even later, and it would probably brought them into unfavorable market conditions. How to cite HBR case, Papers

Whats Worth Knowing free essay sample

An analysis and review on Wendy Lustbaders book `Whats Worth Knowing about life experience gleaned by the older generation. The paper reviews and analyzes Whats Worth Knowing` by Wendy Lustbader, a geriatric social worker who met many people of the older generation and wrote a book based on the experience they gleaned in their eighty or so years of living. The paper shows how the book uses ordinary individuals to make up stirring recollections. `The book captures the pulse and flavor of the individual contributors; every one of the single-paged accounts reverberates with a spirit of great generosity and sincerity. A short, stirring biographical note and sometimes a photo accompanies each story. In her book Lustbader asks, what factors make life superior. Moreover, how do we live it? What do we know now that we wish we had known when we were young(er)? What advice would we give a young(er) person just starting out in life? Has anyone in our life taught us a valuable lesson? What was that lesson? If we could live our life over again, what would we do differently? What would we keep the same?`

Etta Johnson By Naylor Essays - Brewster Place,

Etta Johnson By Naylor The male versus female power struggle between two character in "Etta johnson," an excerpt from gloria naylor's novel The Woman of brewster place: A novel in seven stories illustrates the conflict of character's expectration. Both etta mae johnson and Rev. morelond woods want different futeres for thier relationship. etta johnson is looking for a long term relationship that involes marriage. Rev. woods want a "now and later relationship that involves having sex now and possibly revisiting his partner later without being committrd to that person. Rev. Moreland wood does have totally different motives for their relationship. tta johnson is jobless and looking for a man to take care of her. Etta friend Mattie adised her to meet a, "man who'd be serious about settling down with you"(330) Mattie does not feel that the preacher is a good candidate for marriage, but etta is content with her efforts to cause the residents of Brewster to, "be humming a different tune whe (she show up there the wife of a big preacher"(331) Etta learns that she she is used for sex as power is not powerful enough to cause the Rev. to want to marry her. Rev. woods is looking for something less committing that marriage. woods is looking for a one time event and thinks of his encounter with etta as agame. Rev. woods calls etta "worldy women"(333) and commends her on her knowledge and "understanding the tempory weakness of the flesh and don't make it out to be something bigger than is" although she does want more. Rev Mouland Woods does get what he wants from this relationship, sex. Etta johnson is the loser of the power struggles and also of her pride. After getting out of Rev. woods car, Etta stands on the corner in a slumped position as the rev observers her in his rearview mirror this picture of her, "caused him to press down onthe accelerator,"(333)illustrates his fear of commitment. etta's "broken spirit"(333) shower her disappointment of not finding love, commitment and someone who cares for her. Although the two character have different motives, they both gained something from their experience. Rev. woods get what he is seeking , a sexual relationship without commitment. Etta johnson does not get a proposal of marriage, but she does get a reality check resulting inher knowledge of her fate. rev. woods is the benefactor of this power struggle.

Understanding the French Expression Nimporte

Understanding the French Expression N'importe The French indefinite expression nimporte, which literally means no matter, can be followed by an interrogative adjective, adverb, or pronoun in order to designate an unspecified person, thing, or characteristic. If you dont know what interrogative adjectives, adverbs, and/or pronouns are, be sure to study those lessons before continuing with this one (just click the link in each heading). Use With Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns can function as subjects, direct objects, or indirect objects. nimporte quianyoneNimporte qui peut le faire.Anyone can do it.Tu peux inviter nimporte qui.You can invite anyone.Ne viens pas avec nimporte qui.Dont come with just anyone.nimporte quoianythingNimporte quoi maiderait.Anything would help me.Il lira nimporte quoi.Hell read anything.Jà ©cris sur nimporte quoi.I write on anything.nimporte lequelany (one)- Quel livre veux-tu  ? - Nimporte lequel.- Which book do you want? - Any one / Any of them.- Aimes-tu les films  ? - Oui, jaime nimporte lesquels.- Do you like movies? - Yes, I like any at all. Use With Interrogative Adjectives Use nimporte  with interrogative adjectives in front of a noun to indicate a non-specific choice. nimporte quelanyJaimerais nimporte quel livre.Id like any book.Nimporte quelle dà ©cision sera...Any decision will be... Use With Interrogative Adverbs When used with interrogative adverbs, these indicate that the how, when, or where of something is unspecified. nimporte comment(in) any wayFais-le nimporte comment.Do it any way. (Just do it!)nimporte quandanytimeEcrivez-nous nimporte quand.Write to us anytime.nimporte oà ¹anywhereNous irons nimporte oà ¹.Well go wherever / anywhere.

Psychological Impact of Retail Space on purchasing behavior Essay

Psychological Impact of Retail Space on purchasing behavior - Essay Example Moreover, the fixtures used for displaying the products can be arranged in such fashion to present a neat and powerful look to the outsiders visiting the store. The floor and the ceiling of the store space can be given the same or different color and thematic effects to produce different types of customer emotions. Retailers through the use of definite store imagery can manipulate the decisions of the customers by altering their moods in making buying decisions (Smith & Sherman). The focus on creating differential designs for the retail stores has gathered a great impetus from the previous days. Owing to the rise in cut-throat competition the retail firms operating in the same category have started producing products which act as substitutes to each other in terms of design and quality. Thus the potential of retail differentiation has shifted from product designs to store designs to reflect a differential pattern to the customer’s eyes. ... The retail designers must also endeavor to forecast the effects on consumer purchases and retail sales which would add commercial value to their designing ventures. Thus, the subject concerned with designing the interior of a retail firm encompasses a whole lot of factors pertaining to sociology, psychology, ergonomics, demand and sales forecasting techniques and an eye for supreme aesthetics. Henceforth, the function of retail design is in itself a multidisciplinary subject which needs people from different backgrounds to render true effectiveness to the activity conducted. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to understand the effects of each of the several factors or the disciplines listed above on the mode of altering the behavior of the consumers. (Katelijn, Jan & Cleempoel, 3487-3788). Aims and Objectives Aims The paper in presenting a discussion on the psychological impact of retail space on consumer behavior deals mainly with two topics. Firstly, the paper foc uses on the consumer buying patterns in the region of United Kingdom pertaining to three main segments viz. Fashion, Kids and Home and Leisure Segment. In the second part the paper focuses on the main theme relating to the effect of retail space or interior designs on the buying motives of the consumer. Objectives To understand the current purchasing behavior of the consumers based in the region of United Kingdom on fashion, kids and home and leisure items. To focus on the effect of interior designs of the retail outlets on the buying psychology of the different consumers. Literature Review Consumer Purchasing Behavior in United Kingdom Fashion In the economy of United Kingdom the consumer buying patterns

Nightingale Scholarship Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nightingale Scholarship - Personal Statement Example onely who need someone to attend to their needs, such as the paralytic who cannot move on their own, or the elderly who suffer from arthritis, thus cannot move about. I have a personal inspiration to become a nurse because of my caring and compassionate heart. this humanitarian heart allows me to listen to sick people, as well as feel their pain in order to assist them to them recover from their illnesses My inspiration to become a nurse started developing when in was still in high school whereby I was an EMT. As such, I worked as a medical ambassador by taking good care of patients. It was during this time that I also learned how to conduct a CPR, how to treat patients, as well as how to undertake a number of first aid practices at UIC Medical Center. This ushered me into the world of medicine, and particularly in to nursing as I learnt how to care and attend to sick

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Analysis

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Analysis Overview Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation of protocol defined by InternetEngineering Task force (IETF) to replace the exiting IPv4 protocol. At present, the majority of Internet users are still using IPv4 protocol, and given that most of current networking applications and network equipment run in IPv4 environments, the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 cant be accomplished overnight. It is predictable that the migration will be a long-term process (it is forecasted that the process will take 10 20 years). During the migration, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist in a same network. This migration process poses new challenges on the routers that are the core equipment in IP network. Traditional routers cant accommodate new future network with IPv4/v6 coexistence. The routers must be improved and upgraded so that they can support both IPv4 and IPv6.Given that the core router is very important and carries huge Internet traffics, it must be able to support IPv6 forwarding at wire rate. It means ASIC chip, but not software is used to support IPv6 packet processing. At the same time, it is very important that this support cant sacrifice any IPv4 performance. After all, most of current traffics is IPv4. The core router must expand to support IPv6 routing tables and needs to support IPv6 routing protocols, such as BGP4+, OSPFv3, ISISv6, RIPng and etc. It needs to support some migration strategy from IPv4 to IPv6, such as Tunnel, Dual Stack, Translation and etc. Same as many network technologies, successful deployment of IPv6 relies on the deployment of the operators IPv6 network. As one core component in IPv6 network, IPv6 core router is key to network building, applications, performance and stability. At present, mainstream router vendors like Cisco and Juniper announce that their routers can support IPv6 while some traditional IT equipment manufactures, especially those in Japan, think Internet upgrade caused by IPv6 will change the whole landscape of router market, which brings significant opportunities for them to enter router market. From 2000 to 2002, Hitachi, NEC and Fujitsu announced IPv6-capable core router to gain some market share in new Internet network. It must be admitted that IPv6 is still in the initial phase at present, which is reflected in the following aspects: most IPv6 network is in trial phase, the number of access users is low, carried IPv6 traffics cant be comparable to IPv4, the interoperability between IPv6 equipment still needs to be proved, and network engineers lack in experience in large-scale deployment and operation of IPv6 network. The lack of data and experience is one of important causes that make some operators lack in confidence in IPv6 network deployment. Many operators take wait-and-see attitudes. In order to prove IPv6 router (especially IPv6 core router), the support to IPv6, how are they performed and interoperated, provide a practical data basis for the operators to deploy IPv6 network and provide a reference for equipment manufactures to evaluate and improve their equipment, BII(Beijing Internet Institute) collaborate with 6TNet (IPv6 Telecom Trial Network) in China tested IPv6 core routers from 4 ven dors (Fujitsu, Hitachi, Juniper and NEC) in Beijing from October to December 2002. BII performed protocol conformance, performance and  interoperability tests. In these tests, we used the test instruments provided by Agilent and received strong technical support from Agilent. The test is not a comparative performance test in different router vendors. The purpose is to verify the feasibility of IPv6 deployment. With this test, the test team thinks that all SUT (system under test) has the ability to support commercial IPv6 network and provide basic IPv6 capabilities. They can support IPv6 routing protocols, support the forwarding of IPv6 datagram at wire rate and provide interoperability between them. From perspectives of pure technology, the test team thinks the products have been ready to deploy basic IPv6 core network.. Brief Descriptions of Test The requirements for hardware provided by the SUT (system under test) are as follows: IPv6-capable core router OC48 SM ports (both ports must be in different boards) Supports both FE ports and GE ports. The number of FE ports and GE ports is no less than 3 Finally, all vendors basically meet those requirements, although CX5210 provided by NEC doesnt support FE during the time of testing. The requirement for IPv6 capabilities provided by the SUT (system under test) include: support of IPv6 forwarding in hardware and support of related IPv6 routing protocols and migration strategy. Finally, all vendors meet our requirements as shown in the following table. Company IPv6 hardwareDual Stack RIPng OSPFv3 BGP4+ IPv6 over IPv4 forwarding Tunnel Fujitsu 9 9 9 9 9 9 Hitachi 9 9 9 9 9 9 Juniper 9 9 9 9 9 9 NEC 9 9 9 9 9 9 The SUT (system under test) models and OS versions are shown in the following table. Company Model Version Fujitsu Geostream R920 E10V02L03C44 Hitachi GR2000-20H S-9181-61 07-01 [ROUTE-OS6] Juniper M20 5.5R1.2 NEC CX5210 02.0(2e) 45.08.00 The test instruments we used in the test are as follows: Agilent Router Tester 900 Version: Router Tester 5.1,Build 11.15. Agilent QA Robot Version: Router Tester 5.3,Build 5.2 The IPv6 core router test is composed of three parts: Protocol conformance test, interoperability test and IPv6 performance test. Basic IPv6 Protocols and RIPng Basic IPv6 protocols include IPv6 Specification (RFC2460), ICMPv6 (RFC2463), Neighbor Discovery (RFC2461), Stateless Autoconfiguration (RFC2462), Path MTU Discovery (RFC1981), IPv6 address Architecture (RFC1884) and etc., which are basic capabilities provided by an IPv6 implementation. RIPng is defined by RFC2080 and is the extension and expansion of RIPv2. Its basic capabilities are same as RIPv2. The routing information exchanged by RIPng can carry IPv6 addresses and prefixes. RIPng runs on IPv6 network, uses multicasting address ff02::9 as destination to transfer routing information. RIPng is not compatible with RIPv2. RIP protocol is typically used in small networks and is not deployed in large networks because of its scalability and performance, which is same in IPv6 networks. The test does not include basic IPv6 protocols and RIPng because we think both capabilities are most basic and most preliminary capabilities that should be provided in an IPv6 router, these capabilities are implemented and interoperated very well in the routers from 4 vendors, and the 4 tested routers have been tested publicly or non-publicly several times in different occasions and provided good data. Therefore, we think it is unnecessary to make efforts to repeat these work and we skipped this test and focused on more challenged test items. BGP4+ Protocol Conformance Test At present, the external gateway protocol used in the IPv4 network is BGP4. Its basic protocols are defined in RFC1771. In order to carry IPv6 network information in BGP4 updates, IETF has defined a special property multi-protocol BGP (MP-BGP), also called IPv6 NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) to exchange IPv6 routing information, which is not a new version of BGP protocol, but an extension to BGP4. The extension is generally called BGP4+, which is compatible with BGP4. Refer to RFC2545 for its definition. Test Purpose and Used Standards: Purpose: To test the implementation of BGP4+ and conform with related standards for SUT (System Under Test). The following standards are referred in the test: Bates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D. and Y. Rekhter, â€Å"Multiprotocol Extension for BGP-4†, RFC 2858, Jne 2000. Bates, T., Chandra, R., Chen, E., â€Å"BGP Route Reflection An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP†, RFC2796, April 2000. Chandra, R. and J.Scudder, â€Å"Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4†, RFC 2842, May 2000. Dupont, F. and P. Marques, â€Å"Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing†, RFC 2545, March 1999. Rekhter, Y. and T. Li, â€Å"A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) †. Traina, P., McPherson, D., Scudder, J., â€Å"Autonomous System Confederations for BGP†, RFC3065, February 2001. Test Methods: All the tests are based on topology emulation. One test port of instrument firstly establishes network topology emulation, then executes pre-written scripts, interacts with the port of SUT, performs related BGP4+ protocol tests individually and each test generates Passed/Failed record. The tests can be divided into active tests and passive tests. Active test means the tester is used to verify the state machine of SUT and the correctness of message format while passive test means the tester is used to interfere with SUT using messages with errors. Test Topology Test instrument and SUT use two independent Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections. All BGP4+ runs on the Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections. The physical topology is as follows: The logical topology is as follows: Test Items and Descriptions of Test Results: The BGP4+ protocol conformance test involves in the BGP multi-protocol extension, setup and transfer of BGP4+ IBGP and EBGP sessions, ability to receive IPv6 route updates, BGP4+ next hop, starting point, MED, local preference, AS_PATH, atom aggregation, community name and various properties, the ability of SUT to correctly process these properties, BGP4+ route reflector capability, BGP4+ federation capability. These tests can only ensure implementation of BGP4+protocol in SUT comply with the standard defined by RFC, and cant ensure SUT fully and successfully deploy BGP4+ routes in commercial IPv6 network. The following diagram briefly describes the test results. Attached table 1 includes all test items, description and detailed results of BGP4+ conformance tests for 4 routers. The test items and descriptions are extracted from RFC2858, RFC2545, RFC2842, RFC2796, RFC3065 and draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-14.txt part. Model Failed test items Fujitsu GeoStream R920 2 Hitachi GR2000-20H 5 Juniper M20 1 NEC CX5210 3 Analysis of Test Results: Capabilities not supported Confederation Route reflector, Community Fujitsus GeoStreamR920 of current version does not support BGP4+ federation capability. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. What needs to be improved is only one item that is to support the migration of undefined property and handle interim duration. It is hoped to improve null interface which cant support next hop at present. Hitachis GR2000-20H of current version supports all test items, and is only product fully supporting BGP4+ protocols in the core routers from 3 Japanese companies. However, it needs to be improved in the following areas: handling next-hop property of IBGP in BGP4+ protocol, using AS_PATH properties to prevent from route loop, the ability of route reflector to detect ORIGINATOR_ID. At the same time, we found in the interoperability test that GR2000-20H cant establish non-physical direct-connection sessions with IBGP peering entities, which Hitachi needs to improve. It is hoped to add loopback address capability. Junipers M20 passes all tests except one item excellently. NECs CX5210 of current version doesnt support BGP4+ route reflector and community properties. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. However, it needs to be improved in handling BGP4+ federation AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE property. It is hoped to add null interface configuration. Interoperability Test As above mentioned, IPv6 is in initial phase of commercial deployment at present. A large amount of IPv6-capable network equipments and terminals are available. IPv6 network built by the operators doesnt only use the equipment provided by a vendor. In multi-vendor network environment, the interoperability between equipment is vital. The interoperability test is composed of BGP4+ interoperability test and OSPFv3 interoperability test. It should be noted that specific items in the interoperability test only cover some most common properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3, and are not the interoperability tests of all properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3. BGP4+ Interoperability Establish IBGP Sessions Test Descriptions: The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920,M20 and fully meshed iBGP connections that can be established. Reference: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920, M20 and SUT are connected as shown in the following diagram. 4 routers are in a same autonomous domain and are interconnected using IBGP protocol to form a full-meshed IBGP connection. Test instrument and SUT are interconnected using EBGP connection. Because GR2000-20H doesnt support IBGP across-router Session connection, we use a FE link to connect GR2000-20H to M20 to form a fully-meshed connection. Test Results: We verified whether iBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were set up successfully. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20 GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A EBGP- Route Advertisement Test Descriptions: To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise routes properly in a fully meshed networks. References: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: Establish network topology according to previous test, establish eBGP connection between tester and SUT, send 100 EBGP routes from tester to SUT. Results: We verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20 GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A Establish EBGP Sessions Test Descriptions: The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can establish a fully meshed eBGP connections. Reference: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 are connected as shown in the following diagram. Test Descriptions: We verified whether EBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were established successfully. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20 GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A EBGP Route Advertisement Test Descriptions: To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise EBGP routes properly. References: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: Establish network topology according to previous tests, send routes from each router to all other routers. Test Results: We verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920, M20r GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A OSPFv3 Interoperability OSPF protocols supporting IPv6 is OSPFv3. OSPFv3 routing mechanism is basically same as OSPFv2. However, OSPFv2 relies primarily on IPv4, while OSPFv3 makes many improvements in OSPFv2 and is not a simple extension, thus OSPFv3, whose corresponding protocol is RFC2740, runs on IPv6. For real world applications, many operators regard OSPFv3 as a brand new protocol, also its stability and maturity need to be further verified, so when IPv6 routing protocols are selected, it tends to use IS-ISv6 (draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-02.txt), which is only a simple extension to IS-ISv4 (RFC1195) (2 TLVs re-defined) and does not make changes fully. However, it is sure the opinion is not authoritative and need to be proved. Because of the limitations of test instrument, It is required for SUT to provide 100M Ethernet interface. As CX5210 does not support Ethernet interface at present, just M20, R920 and GR2000-20H were involved in the testing. However, it does not imply that CX5210 cant interoperate with other 3 routers and has any problems with functions implementation. In the test, GR2000-20H is called SUT1 in short, M20 is called SUT2, and R920 is called SUT3. Establish OSPF Connections DR Election Test Descriptions: In the initial status, set different OSPF priority levels for SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and the test instrument (10, 8, 5, 0). Connect these equipments based on the network topology below. Verify SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument to establish OSPFv3 adjacency and vote DR/BDR. After DR/BDR is established properly, put DR off the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly. Put off-net equipment on the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly. Change OSPF initialization priorities of SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument, and implement new test from step 2. Repeat the tests for 4 times, and ensure each SUT and test instrument have one opportunity to be selected as DR and BDR under the intial status. During the test, all SUTs are in the same OSPF Area 0. Reference: RFC2740 Test Results: During the testing, all the OSPF adjacencys can be established between SUTs and DR, also BDR can be elected properly. After DR is off-line, BDR can be re-elected as DR and the one with sub-top priority will be BDR. When off-line equipment is on-line again, no re-electing process occurs. All test results comply with the requirements in related standards. Exchange LSA Database Test Descriptions: Test instrument simulates an internal network with 4 routers connected, and sends the routing information to SUT. Then verify the routing information received by SUT DR from test instruments will be sent to DR Other correctly. Same as the previous test item, firstly SUT1 is used as DR, then SUT2, and finally SUT3. Reference: RFC2740 Test Results: During the testing, OSPF adjacency can be established properly between all SUTs. DR receive LSA information from test instrument and properly send the information to DR Other, which can also receive and process LSA information properly. IPv6 Performance Test The major approach used for the performance testing was to send the IPv6 traffic with different packet sizes and specific QoS information, via SUT to the destination, and then by the tester measure the throughput, latency and packet loss of SUT in various topologies. For the IPv6 performance test, there are four vendors high-end IPv6 routers, with OC-48 POS ports on which throughput and latency will be measured, with IPv6 packet sizes of 64 bytes, 128bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, 1480 bytes and 1500 bytes. The performance in various of circumstances were measured, including IPv4/IPv6 mixed traffics (IPv4 and IPv6 traffics with different ratio), IPv6 traffic with packet sizes mixtures, Sweep Packet Sizes. Also the maximum routing table entry supported and the performance on manually configured tunnels were verified. Most of the referred standards is extracted from RFC2544. At present, there are deficient applications for IPv6, and the number of users in the IPv6 network can not be compared to IPv4. The sum of maximum IPv6 of IX(Internet eXchage) traffics is less than dozens of Mbits/s. These traffics can be handled using a router refitted from a PC. Based on the circumstance, is it necessary to test the performance of OC48 ports ? Actually when the operators build IPv6 network and purchase IPv6 routers, todays IPv6 network is not under their consideration. Their networks should be able to deal with the changes and growth of IPv6 network next 5 7 years. In this sense, it is necessary for IPv6 core router to support the IPv6 traffic forwarding capacities at wire rate. Otherwise, what differences can be made between a real IPv6 router and a router refitted from a PC with installed BSD and Zebra ? The measurement of the number of routing table entry also meets the same situations. At present, therere around 300-400 entries in the IPv6 backbone router routing table, which cant compared to the huge number of IPv4 (110,000 ¼Ã‚ 130,000 routes). Secondly, IPv6 has drawn experience and lessons from IPv4 in design and address assignment. RIR only assigns the large block and fixed length IPv6 addresses to IPv6 operators, instead of the end users. To some extent, this can protect IPv6 routing tables from the explosive growth. The strict prefix filtering mechanism was set on BGP4+ routers by most of IPv6 network administrators and the router only allows minor prefixes, such as /16, /24, /28, /32, /35 and etc. However, the experience of IPv4 teach us a lesson- â€Å"Money Talks!†. In the fiercely competitive ages, it is very difficult for operators to reject users requirements. Under the conditions that IPv6 doesnt solve the problems of Multi-homing completely, it is possible that the network operators are required to broadcast users network prefixes into global IPv6 routing tables in order to achieve Multi-homing applications. So far RIR has begun to assign /48 ad dress segment to IPv6 of IX independently, while it is suggested IX doesnt broadcast the addresses. Thirdly, in many IPv6 networks, there are at least two IPv6 addresses segments, from 6BONE(3ffe::/16) and RIR(2001::/16) respectively, and maybe more prefixes will appear in the future. Fourthly, RIR cant ensure IPV6 addresses assigned to IPv6 operators are from a continuous address block. Current assignment policy indicates that /32 addresses of IPv6 assigned to operators can be continuously extended to /29. If new addresses are further required, they must be assigned to discontinuous address blocks and result in the growth of the number of routing tables. To sum up, the test team suggests that the number of IPv6 routing tables supported by the router should be no less than that of IPv4 routing tables, since it is very difficult to estimate the increasing number of routing tables of IPv6 core network right now. In current IPv6 networks, commercial IPv6 network and IPv6 trial network (6BONE) are interlaced without a explicit boundary between them. A packet from commercial IPv6 network may go through many IPv6 trial network before arriving at another IPv6 network. The network administrators of many trial networks are not regarded as a â€Å"operators†, but a â€Å"players† It is pretty unstable of their networks, with routers reset very frequently. In the meantime, the networks advertise global IPv6 routes to all peers, making their own IPv6 network to implement transit. It causes the instability of current IPv6 of BGP routes, and thus it is required the capabilities of IPv6 routers cover the flapping and convergence properly, which should be included in this test, however due to limited test time frame, it is a pity the test team has to give up these tests. The network topology used for the performance test is shown as following: Ideally, the test topology should be as following, so that the packet forwarding capability of the routers in real-world network environment is shown completely. Send one traffic from a source port of the tester, via multiple ports of the router to the destination ports of tester, measure the performance of the router. However as the vendors cant provide enough OC48 ports, the test team can only perform the test by simply sending packets from one port and receiving packets form another port. In this sense, this test environment cant simulate completely the performance of the router in the real-world network environment. The Measurement of Throughput and Latency with Different IPv6 Packets Sizes at OC-48 POS port Test Descriptions: To test the maximum IPv6 packet forwarding rate of SUT with zero packet loss with different IPv6 packet sizes. Test Methods: Send IPv6 packets, via SUT to the destination ports of the tester, which measures the packet rate of SUT according to the received IPv6 packets. Set the initial offered load to 2%, and If no packet loss occurs, increase the offered load to 100% and repeat the test. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load to (100%+2%)/2=51%, repeat the test again†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦In a binary search manner, continue to increase or decrease the offered load in subsequent iterations until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. Traffic forwarding mode: full duplex. Offered Packet type: IPv6; Offered Packet size (bytes): 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 Test duration of each packet type(s): 5 Bandwidth resolution (%): 0.1 Line BER tolerance (10^_): -10 The results are as follows: Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port 105.00% 100.00% 95.00% 90.00% 85.00% 80.00% 75.00% 70.00% 65.00% 60.00% 55.00% 50.00% 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes Test Packets Size Average Latency (us) at Variable Test Packets Size 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Test Packets Size Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Note: About inherent latency of tester Before we perform tests, we must consider intrinsic latency of tester. The following table indicates inherent latency of tester for different test packet sizes when sending 100% offered load. Inherent latency of tester (100% offered load) Packet Size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 Average Inherent 2.74 2.69 2.69 2.65 2.65 2.60 2.60 Latency (us) From the above, the inherent latency of tester under different packet sizes is about 2.7us. Compared to the tens of us of SUTs latency, there are not significant impacts on the test results. In addition, the impact of inherent latency is fair to these 4 SUTs. Forwarding Performance of IPv4/IPv6 Packets on OC48 Ports Test Descriptions: To verify the performance of SUT to forward IPv4/IPv6 packets in offered packets sizes. The test requires SUT to support IPv4/IPv6 dual protocol stacks. Test Methods: The tester sends IPv4 and IPv6 traffic simultaneously in full duplex configuration, via SUT to the destination port, measure the throughput and latency with various ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. Send traffic with 50% of IPv4 and 50% of IPv6 and 100% offered load first time. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load in 5% resolution until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. At the same time, measure the latency at maximum forwarding rate. Then change the ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic to test again. Increase continuously the proportion of IPv6 traffic to simulate the change of traffic characteristics in the real-world network transition. Test Descriptions: Offered load (%): initial100% with 5% increment and final 0 Offered packet types: IPv6 Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic: 50:50—10:90 (IPv4:IPv6) Offered packet size (bytes): 62 512 1518 Test duration of each packet size(s): 5 The test results are as follows: Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 64 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 64 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% Hitachi 80% NEC 75% Fujistu 70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50% 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 512 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% Hitachi 80% NEC 75% Fujistu 70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50% 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 1518 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% Hitachi 80% NEC 75% Fujistu 70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50% 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Average latency (us) at test packets size 64 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Average Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 64 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50/50 40/6 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Average latency (us) at test packets size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Average Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 512 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Average latency (us) at test packets size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Average Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 1518 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper IPv6 over IPv4 Configured Tunneling Performance of OC-48 POS Port Test Description: Tunneling technology is an effective means to connect separate IPv6 networks via IPv4 backbone. This item is to verify the performance of SUT when SUT encapsulates IPv6 data packets into IPv4 payload and forwards the packets. Test Method: The tester sends IPv6 data packets to SUT, and configures an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel between SUT and the tester. Thus after SUT receives pure IPv6 packets from the tester, it will encapsulate it into IPv4 packet payload, and send IPv6 packets to destination over IPv4 network. The tester analyzes the packets forwared by the SUT at receiving end, calculates the throughput of SUT for different sizes of packets under the IPv6 over IPv4 configured tunnel. Test Results: IPv6 packet size: 512 Destination address of sending IPv6 data packets: 3FFE:0:0:4::2/64 Bandwidth range of sending IPv6 tra Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Analysis Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Analysis Overview Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation of protocol defined by InternetEngineering Task force (IETF) to replace the exiting IPv4 protocol. At present, the majority of Internet users are still using IPv4 protocol, and given that most of current networking applications and network equipment run in IPv4 environments, the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 cant be accomplished overnight. It is predictable that the migration will be a long-term process (it is forecasted that the process will take 10 20 years). During the migration, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist in a same network. This migration process poses new challenges on the routers that are the core equipment in IP network. Traditional routers cant accommodate new future network with IPv4/v6 coexistence. The routers must be improved and upgraded so that they can support both IPv4 and IPv6.Given that the core router is very important and carries huge Internet traffics, it must be able to support IPv6 forwarding at wire rate. It means ASIC chip, but not software is used to support IPv6 packet processing. At the same time, it is very important that this support cant sacrifice any IPv4 performance. After all, most of current traffics is IPv4. The core router must expand to support IPv6 routing tables and needs to support IPv6 routing protocols, such as BGP4+, OSPFv3, ISISv6, RIPng and etc. It needs to support some migration strategy from IPv4 to IPv6, such as Tunnel, Dual Stack, Translation and etc. Same as many network technologies, successful deployment of IPv6 relies on the deployment of the operators IPv6 network. As one core component in IPv6 network, IPv6 core router is key to network building, applications, performance and stability. At present, mainstream router vendors like Cisco and Juniper announce that their routers can support IPv6 while some traditional IT equipment manufactures, especially those in Japan, think Internet upgrade caused by IPv6 will change the whole landscape of router market, which brings significant opportunities for them to enter router market. From 2000 to 2002, Hitachi, NEC and Fujitsu announced IPv6-capable core router to gain some market share in new Internet network. It must be admitted that IPv6 is still in the initial phase at present, which is reflected in the following aspects: most IPv6 network is in trial phase, the number of access users is low, carried IPv6 traffics cant be comparable to IPv4, the interoperability between IPv6 equipment still needs to be proved, and network engineers lack in experience in large-scale deployment and operation of IPv6 network. The lack of data and experience is one of important causes that make some operators lack in confidence in IPv6 network deployment. Many operators take wait-and-see attitudes. In order to prove IPv6 router (especially IPv6 core router), the support to IPv6, how are they performed and interoperated, provide a practical data basis for the operators to deploy IPv6 network and provide a reference for equipment manufactures to evaluate and improve their equipment, BII(Beijing Internet Institute) collaborate with 6TNet (IPv6 Telecom Trial Network) in China tested IPv6 core routers from 4 ven dors (Fujitsu, Hitachi, Juniper and NEC) in Beijing from October to December 2002. BII performed protocol conformance, performance and  interoperability tests. In these tests, we used the test instruments provided by Agilent and received strong technical support from Agilent. The test is not a comparative performance test in different router vendors. The purpose is to verify the feasibility of IPv6 deployment. With this test, the test team thinks that all SUT (system under test) has the ability to support commercial IPv6 network and provide basic IPv6 capabilities. They can support IPv6 routing protocols, support the forwarding of IPv6 datagram at wire rate and provide interoperability between them. From perspectives of pure technology, the test team thinks the products have been ready to deploy basic IPv6 core network.. Brief Descriptions of Test The requirements for hardware provided by the SUT (system under test) are as follows: IPv6-capable core router OC48 SM ports (both ports must be in different boards) Supports both FE ports and GE ports. The number of FE ports and GE ports is no less than 3 Finally, all vendors basically meet those requirements, although CX5210 provided by NEC doesnt support FE during the time of testing. The requirement for IPv6 capabilities provided by the SUT (system under test) include: support of IPv6 forwarding in hardware and support of related IPv6 routing protocols and migration strategy. Finally, all vendors meet our requirements as shown in the following table. Company IPv6 hardwareDual Stack RIPng OSPFv3 BGP4+ IPv6 over IPv4 forwarding Tunnel Fujitsu 9 9 9 9 9 9 Hitachi 9 9 9 9 9 9 Juniper 9 9 9 9 9 9 NEC 9 9 9 9 9 9 The SUT (system under test) models and OS versions are shown in the following table. Company Model Version Fujitsu Geostream R920 E10V02L03C44 Hitachi GR2000-20H S-9181-61 07-01 [ROUTE-OS6] Juniper M20 5.5R1.2 NEC CX5210 02.0(2e) 45.08.00 The test instruments we used in the test are as follows: Agilent Router Tester 900 Version: Router Tester 5.1,Build 11.15. Agilent QA Robot Version: Router Tester 5.3,Build 5.2 The IPv6 core router test is composed of three parts: Protocol conformance test, interoperability test and IPv6 performance test. Basic IPv6 Protocols and RIPng Basic IPv6 protocols include IPv6 Specification (RFC2460), ICMPv6 (RFC2463), Neighbor Discovery (RFC2461), Stateless Autoconfiguration (RFC2462), Path MTU Discovery (RFC1981), IPv6 address Architecture (RFC1884) and etc., which are basic capabilities provided by an IPv6 implementation. RIPng is defined by RFC2080 and is the extension and expansion of RIPv2. Its basic capabilities are same as RIPv2. The routing information exchanged by RIPng can carry IPv6 addresses and prefixes. RIPng runs on IPv6 network, uses multicasting address ff02::9 as destination to transfer routing information. RIPng is not compatible with RIPv2. RIP protocol is typically used in small networks and is not deployed in large networks because of its scalability and performance, which is same in IPv6 networks. The test does not include basic IPv6 protocols and RIPng because we think both capabilities are most basic and most preliminary capabilities that should be provided in an IPv6 router, these capabilities are implemented and interoperated very well in the routers from 4 vendors, and the 4 tested routers have been tested publicly or non-publicly several times in different occasions and provided good data. Therefore, we think it is unnecessary to make efforts to repeat these work and we skipped this test and focused on more challenged test items. BGP4+ Protocol Conformance Test At present, the external gateway protocol used in the IPv4 network is BGP4. Its basic protocols are defined in RFC1771. In order to carry IPv6 network information in BGP4 updates, IETF has defined a special property multi-protocol BGP (MP-BGP), also called IPv6 NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) to exchange IPv6 routing information, which is not a new version of BGP protocol, but an extension to BGP4. The extension is generally called BGP4+, which is compatible with BGP4. Refer to RFC2545 for its definition. Test Purpose and Used Standards: Purpose: To test the implementation of BGP4+ and conform with related standards for SUT (System Under Test). The following standards are referred in the test: Bates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D. and Y. Rekhter, â€Å"Multiprotocol Extension for BGP-4†, RFC 2858, Jne 2000. Bates, T., Chandra, R., Chen, E., â€Å"BGP Route Reflection An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP†, RFC2796, April 2000. Chandra, R. and J.Scudder, â€Å"Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4†, RFC 2842, May 2000. Dupont, F. and P. Marques, â€Å"Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing†, RFC 2545, March 1999. Rekhter, Y. and T. Li, â€Å"A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) †. Traina, P., McPherson, D., Scudder, J., â€Å"Autonomous System Confederations for BGP†, RFC3065, February 2001. Test Methods: All the tests are based on topology emulation. One test port of instrument firstly establishes network topology emulation, then executes pre-written scripts, interacts with the port of SUT, performs related BGP4+ protocol tests individually and each test generates Passed/Failed record. The tests can be divided into active tests and passive tests. Active test means the tester is used to verify the state machine of SUT and the correctness of message format while passive test means the tester is used to interfere with SUT using messages with errors. Test Topology Test instrument and SUT use two independent Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections. All BGP4+ runs on the Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections. The physical topology is as follows: The logical topology is as follows: Test Items and Descriptions of Test Results: The BGP4+ protocol conformance test involves in the BGP multi-protocol extension, setup and transfer of BGP4+ IBGP and EBGP sessions, ability to receive IPv6 route updates, BGP4+ next hop, starting point, MED, local preference, AS_PATH, atom aggregation, community name and various properties, the ability of SUT to correctly process these properties, BGP4+ route reflector capability, BGP4+ federation capability. These tests can only ensure implementation of BGP4+protocol in SUT comply with the standard defined by RFC, and cant ensure SUT fully and successfully deploy BGP4+ routes in commercial IPv6 network. The following diagram briefly describes the test results. Attached table 1 includes all test items, description and detailed results of BGP4+ conformance tests for 4 routers. The test items and descriptions are extracted from RFC2858, RFC2545, RFC2842, RFC2796, RFC3065 and draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-14.txt part. Model Failed test items Fujitsu GeoStream R920 2 Hitachi GR2000-20H 5 Juniper M20 1 NEC CX5210 3 Analysis of Test Results: Capabilities not supported Confederation Route reflector, Community Fujitsus GeoStreamR920 of current version does not support BGP4+ federation capability. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. What needs to be improved is only one item that is to support the migration of undefined property and handle interim duration. It is hoped to improve null interface which cant support next hop at present. Hitachis GR2000-20H of current version supports all test items, and is only product fully supporting BGP4+ protocols in the core routers from 3 Japanese companies. However, it needs to be improved in the following areas: handling next-hop property of IBGP in BGP4+ protocol, using AS_PATH properties to prevent from route loop, the ability of route reflector to detect ORIGINATOR_ID. At the same time, we found in the interoperability test that GR2000-20H cant establish non-physical direct-connection sessions with IBGP peering entities, which Hitachi needs to improve. It is hoped to add loopback address capability. Junipers M20 passes all tests except one item excellently. NECs CX5210 of current version doesnt support BGP4+ route reflector and community properties. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. However, it needs to be improved in handling BGP4+ federation AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE property. It is hoped to add null interface configuration. Interoperability Test As above mentioned, IPv6 is in initial phase of commercial deployment at present. A large amount of IPv6-capable network equipments and terminals are available. IPv6 network built by the operators doesnt only use the equipment provided by a vendor. In multi-vendor network environment, the interoperability between equipment is vital. The interoperability test is composed of BGP4+ interoperability test and OSPFv3 interoperability test. It should be noted that specific items in the interoperability test only cover some most common properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3, and are not the interoperability tests of all properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3. BGP4+ Interoperability Establish IBGP Sessions Test Descriptions: The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920,M20 and fully meshed iBGP connections that can be established. Reference: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920, M20 and SUT are connected as shown in the following diagram. 4 routers are in a same autonomous domain and are interconnected using IBGP protocol to form a full-meshed IBGP connection. Test instrument and SUT are interconnected using EBGP connection. Because GR2000-20H doesnt support IBGP across-router Session connection, we use a FE link to connect GR2000-20H to M20 to form a fully-meshed connection. Test Results: We verified whether iBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were set up successfully. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20 GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A EBGP- Route Advertisement Test Descriptions: To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise routes properly in a fully meshed networks. References: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: Establish network topology according to previous test, establish eBGP connection between tester and SUT, send 100 EBGP routes from tester to SUT. Results: We verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20 GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A Establish EBGP Sessions Test Descriptions: The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can establish a fully meshed eBGP connections. Reference: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 are connected as shown in the following diagram. Test Descriptions: We verified whether EBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were established successfully. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20 GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A EBGP Route Advertisement Test Descriptions: To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise EBGP routes properly. References: RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858. Test steps: Establish network topology according to previous tests, send routes from each router to all other routers. Test Results: We verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct. GR2000-20H CX5210 R920, M20r GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OK CX5210 OK N/A OK OK R920 OK OK N/A OK M20 OK OK OK N/A OSPFv3 Interoperability OSPF protocols supporting IPv6 is OSPFv3. OSPFv3 routing mechanism is basically same as OSPFv2. However, OSPFv2 relies primarily on IPv4, while OSPFv3 makes many improvements in OSPFv2 and is not a simple extension, thus OSPFv3, whose corresponding protocol is RFC2740, runs on IPv6. For real world applications, many operators regard OSPFv3 as a brand new protocol, also its stability and maturity need to be further verified, so when IPv6 routing protocols are selected, it tends to use IS-ISv6 (draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-02.txt), which is only a simple extension to IS-ISv4 (RFC1195) (2 TLVs re-defined) and does not make changes fully. However, it is sure the opinion is not authoritative and need to be proved. Because of the limitations of test instrument, It is required for SUT to provide 100M Ethernet interface. As CX5210 does not support Ethernet interface at present, just M20, R920 and GR2000-20H were involved in the testing. However, it does not imply that CX5210 cant interoperate with other 3 routers and has any problems with functions implementation. In the test, GR2000-20H is called SUT1 in short, M20 is called SUT2, and R920 is called SUT3. Establish OSPF Connections DR Election Test Descriptions: In the initial status, set different OSPF priority levels for SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and the test instrument (10, 8, 5, 0). Connect these equipments based on the network topology below. Verify SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument to establish OSPFv3 adjacency and vote DR/BDR. After DR/BDR is established properly, put DR off the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly. Put off-net equipment on the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly. Change OSPF initialization priorities of SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument, and implement new test from step 2. Repeat the tests for 4 times, and ensure each SUT and test instrument have one opportunity to be selected as DR and BDR under the intial status. During the test, all SUTs are in the same OSPF Area 0. Reference: RFC2740 Test Results: During the testing, all the OSPF adjacencys can be established between SUTs and DR, also BDR can be elected properly. After DR is off-line, BDR can be re-elected as DR and the one with sub-top priority will be BDR. When off-line equipment is on-line again, no re-electing process occurs. All test results comply with the requirements in related standards. Exchange LSA Database Test Descriptions: Test instrument simulates an internal network with 4 routers connected, and sends the routing information to SUT. Then verify the routing information received by SUT DR from test instruments will be sent to DR Other correctly. Same as the previous test item, firstly SUT1 is used as DR, then SUT2, and finally SUT3. Reference: RFC2740 Test Results: During the testing, OSPF adjacency can be established properly between all SUTs. DR receive LSA information from test instrument and properly send the information to DR Other, which can also receive and process LSA information properly. IPv6 Performance Test The major approach used for the performance testing was to send the IPv6 traffic with different packet sizes and specific QoS information, via SUT to the destination, and then by the tester measure the throughput, latency and packet loss of SUT in various topologies. For the IPv6 performance test, there are four vendors high-end IPv6 routers, with OC-48 POS ports on which throughput and latency will be measured, with IPv6 packet sizes of 64 bytes, 128bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, 1480 bytes and 1500 bytes. The performance in various of circumstances were measured, including IPv4/IPv6 mixed traffics (IPv4 and IPv6 traffics with different ratio), IPv6 traffic with packet sizes mixtures, Sweep Packet Sizes. Also the maximum routing table entry supported and the performance on manually configured tunnels were verified. Most of the referred standards is extracted from RFC2544. At present, there are deficient applications for IPv6, and the number of users in the IPv6 network can not be compared to IPv4. The sum of maximum IPv6 of IX(Internet eXchage) traffics is less than dozens of Mbits/s. These traffics can be handled using a router refitted from a PC. Based on the circumstance, is it necessary to test the performance of OC48 ports ? Actually when the operators build IPv6 network and purchase IPv6 routers, todays IPv6 network is not under their consideration. Their networks should be able to deal with the changes and growth of IPv6 network next 5 7 years. In this sense, it is necessary for IPv6 core router to support the IPv6 traffic forwarding capacities at wire rate. Otherwise, what differences can be made between a real IPv6 router and a router refitted from a PC with installed BSD and Zebra ? The measurement of the number of routing table entry also meets the same situations. At present, therere around 300-400 entries in the IPv6 backbone router routing table, which cant compared to the huge number of IPv4 (110,000 ¼Ã‚ 130,000 routes). Secondly, IPv6 has drawn experience and lessons from IPv4 in design and address assignment. RIR only assigns the large block and fixed length IPv6 addresses to IPv6 operators, instead of the end users. To some extent, this can protect IPv6 routing tables from the explosive growth. The strict prefix filtering mechanism was set on BGP4+ routers by most of IPv6 network administrators and the router only allows minor prefixes, such as /16, /24, /28, /32, /35 and etc. However, the experience of IPv4 teach us a lesson- â€Å"Money Talks!†. In the fiercely competitive ages, it is very difficult for operators to reject users requirements. Under the conditions that IPv6 doesnt solve the problems of Multi-homing completely, it is possible that the network operators are required to broadcast users network prefixes into global IPv6 routing tables in order to achieve Multi-homing applications. So far RIR has begun to assign /48 ad dress segment to IPv6 of IX independently, while it is suggested IX doesnt broadcast the addresses. Thirdly, in many IPv6 networks, there are at least two IPv6 addresses segments, from 6BONE(3ffe::/16) and RIR(2001::/16) respectively, and maybe more prefixes will appear in the future. Fourthly, RIR cant ensure IPV6 addresses assigned to IPv6 operators are from a continuous address block. Current assignment policy indicates that /32 addresses of IPv6 assigned to operators can be continuously extended to /29. If new addresses are further required, they must be assigned to discontinuous address blocks and result in the growth of the number of routing tables. To sum up, the test team suggests that the number of IPv6 routing tables supported by the router should be no less than that of IPv4 routing tables, since it is very difficult to estimate the increasing number of routing tables of IPv6 core network right now. In current IPv6 networks, commercial IPv6 network and IPv6 trial network (6BONE) are interlaced without a explicit boundary between them. A packet from commercial IPv6 network may go through many IPv6 trial network before arriving at another IPv6 network. The network administrators of many trial networks are not regarded as a â€Å"operators†, but a â€Å"players† It is pretty unstable of their networks, with routers reset very frequently. In the meantime, the networks advertise global IPv6 routes to all peers, making their own IPv6 network to implement transit. It causes the instability of current IPv6 of BGP routes, and thus it is required the capabilities of IPv6 routers cover the flapping and convergence properly, which should be included in this test, however due to limited test time frame, it is a pity the test team has to give up these tests. The network topology used for the performance test is shown as following: Ideally, the test topology should be as following, so that the packet forwarding capability of the routers in real-world network environment is shown completely. Send one traffic from a source port of the tester, via multiple ports of the router to the destination ports of tester, measure the performance of the router. However as the vendors cant provide enough OC48 ports, the test team can only perform the test by simply sending packets from one port and receiving packets form another port. In this sense, this test environment cant simulate completely the performance of the router in the real-world network environment. The Measurement of Throughput and Latency with Different IPv6 Packets Sizes at OC-48 POS port Test Descriptions: To test the maximum IPv6 packet forwarding rate of SUT with zero packet loss with different IPv6 packet sizes. Test Methods: Send IPv6 packets, via SUT to the destination ports of the tester, which measures the packet rate of SUT according to the received IPv6 packets. Set the initial offered load to 2%, and If no packet loss occurs, increase the offered load to 100% and repeat the test. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load to (100%+2%)/2=51%, repeat the test again†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦In a binary search manner, continue to increase or decrease the offered load in subsequent iterations until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. Traffic forwarding mode: full duplex. Offered Packet type: IPv6; Offered Packet size (bytes): 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 Test duration of each packet type(s): 5 Bandwidth resolution (%): 0.1 Line BER tolerance (10^_): -10 The results are as follows: Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port 105.00% 100.00% 95.00% 90.00% 85.00% 80.00% 75.00% 70.00% 65.00% 60.00% 55.00% 50.00% 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes Test Packets Size Average Latency (us) at Variable Test Packets Size 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Test Packets Size Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Note: About inherent latency of tester Before we perform tests, we must consider intrinsic latency of tester. The following table indicates inherent latency of tester for different test packet sizes when sending 100% offered load. Inherent latency of tester (100% offered load) Packet Size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 Average Inherent 2.74 2.69 2.69 2.65 2.65 2.60 2.60 Latency (us) From the above, the inherent latency of tester under different packet sizes is about 2.7us. Compared to the tens of us of SUTs latency, there are not significant impacts on the test results. In addition, the impact of inherent latency is fair to these 4 SUTs. Forwarding Performance of IPv4/IPv6 Packets on OC48 Ports Test Descriptions: To verify the performance of SUT to forward IPv4/IPv6 packets in offered packets sizes. The test requires SUT to support IPv4/IPv6 dual protocol stacks. Test Methods: The tester sends IPv4 and IPv6 traffic simultaneously in full duplex configuration, via SUT to the destination port, measure the throughput and latency with various ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. Send traffic with 50% of IPv4 and 50% of IPv6 and 100% offered load first time. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load in 5% resolution until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. At the same time, measure the latency at maximum forwarding rate. Then change the ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic to test again. Increase continuously the proportion of IPv6 traffic to simulate the change of traffic characteristics in the real-world network transition. Test Descriptions: Offered load (%): initial100% with 5% increment and final 0 Offered packet types: IPv6 Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic: 50:50—10:90 (IPv4:IPv6) Offered packet size (bytes): 62 512 1518 Test duration of each packet size(s): 5 The test results are as follows: Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 64 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 64 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% Hitachi 80% NEC 75% Fujistu 70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50% 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 512 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% Hitachi 80% NEC 75% Fujistu 70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50% 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Sustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 1518 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% Hitachi 80% NEC 75% Fujistu 70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50% 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Average latency (us) at test packets size 64 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Average Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 64 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50/50 40/6 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Average latency (us) at test packets size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Average Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 512 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper Average latency (us) at test packets size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic Average Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 1518 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10/90 IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6) Hitachi NEC Fujistu Juniper IPv6 over IPv4 Configured Tunneling Performance of OC-48 POS Port Test Description: Tunneling technology is an effective means to connect separate IPv6 networks via IPv4 backbone. This item is to verify the performance of SUT when SUT encapsulates IPv6 data packets into IPv4 payload and forwards the packets. Test Method: The tester sends IPv6 data packets to SUT, and configures an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel between SUT and the tester. Thus after SUT receives pure IPv6 packets from the tester, it will encapsulate it into IPv4 packet payload, and send IPv6 packets to destination over IPv4 network. The tester analyzes the packets forwared by the SUT at receiving end, calculates the throughput of SUT for different sizes of packets under the IPv6 over IPv4 configured tunnel. Test Results: IPv6 packet size: 512 Destination address of sending IPv6 data packets: 3FFE:0:0:4::2/64 Bandwidth range of sending IPv6 tra

Aliens and Faith Essay

There are many religions throughout our world. Some are even based on the actual worship of what these believers call, Aliens from outer space. The majority of religions though do not believe in intelligent life outside of human beings on planet Earth. Christianity is a main religion practiced worldwide; part of its belief for most believers is just that, that we are the only intelligent life created by the Christian God. The possible existence of extraterrestrial life though does not give reason that religious beliefs are not true. The belief of an omniscient creator of all things, including our never ending expanse of Universe and the possibility of what it holds, show that an omniscient creator’s power is never ending and our faith should be as well. All religions require you to have faith, and with faith we can accept any possibility. When people entertain the idea of extraterrestrial life they feel it casts doubt that the gods or God of many religious beliefs cannot coincide with the reality of life. Quoting an anonymous source, here is one opinion: Christians claim that the Bible has all the knowledge of how, when, where, what and why life was created and everything that God has done. The Bible explains that God created angels and humans and animals on earth. That pretty much covers everything God has created from earth to heaven. If God doesn’t mention aliens in His creations and only speaks of how He sacrificed Himself for us it could be claimed that God did not create any other life form outside earth. I think it would be absurd if God created other life forms in other parts of the universe and gave them free will and then going through another self-sacrifice. Besides, there is only one evil source, namely Satan that serves as our earthly test. This Satan only dwells on earth and not in other worlds. That is why aliens cannot exist. If aliens exist or come to earth it directly proves that Christianity is a fake (QTD). Yet we are taught in this religion in particular to have faith in the God of Christ. That our faith can move mountains or raise the dead, if we just believe, then it can be done. In Him all things are possible. Aliens can still be a possibility even with religious beliefs, extraterrestrials and religion can still exist together. Keeping in tune with the Christian religion, also being the popular religion worldwide, we hear that the catholic faith of Christian belief states that they believe and are researching the existence of extraterrestrial life being a reality. In my opinion this possibility exists,† Funes, the director of the Vatican Observatory, told L’Osservatore Romano. † Astronomers believe the universe is made up of 100 billion galaxies, each of which consists of 100 billion stars,†¦ Life forms could exist in theory even without oxygen or hydrogen. † (News). The Catholic Religion is the oldest Christian based religion historically and is very dominant and deeply rooted with many assets. They will have scientist, astronomers, and researchers continuously providing facts and reasoning behind this coexistence. Ted Peters writes: â€Å"During the formidable period of medieval Scholasticism, despite the forceful impact of Aristotelian philosophy, Christian Theology was by no means wedded to the idea that God created only one world†¦ Not only did some of our best minds affirm the idea of multiple worlds, some even spoke positively regarding the existence of extraterrestrial life. † (Delio 250) There is the belief that any other life forms created where angels or demons and that aliens are not part of these creations. We can show that alien life forms can coexist with even these creations and it not disprove religion still. There are few places in the bible that speak of life outside of humans and none mentioning aliens or extraterrestrial life, but they are there. â€Å"praise ye him , all his angels: praise ye him, all his hosts†¦for he spoke and they were made. He commanded and they were created† (Psalm 148:2). Contrary to popular belief, the Bible does not say that the only intelligent beings populating the universe are humans, in fact God created countless â€Å"non-human intelligent beings† before mankind. God is known throughout the Bible as the Lord of Hosts (Flynn). To show faith in the God of Christ we can believe in the possibility of these beings and it not disprove them. Even in scriptures it does not come out and say it but it gives seed to the idea and possibility that God did create other hosts of this life. On a more general level the fact that alien life exists would mean that we are not the center of the universe. Most religions now recognize that the earth is just a lump of rock, they still believe that WE as human being are the most important thing in creation, that we occupy a special place in God’s plan. The existence of aliens would seem to make this implausible especially if they are more advanced than we are (on all levels, intellectually, spiritually) This would mean that God has acted in the development of the aliens in a away he did not act in ours, which in turn would mean that we do not occupy the paramount role in God’s creation, which as I said is a fundamental idea in religions. For Christianity, Judaism and Islam the existence of aliens is especially problematic. All these religions are based on the idea of a covenant between us and God. Weidemann, a self-confessed Protestant Christian, mentioned a few potential answers. Maybe aliens are not sinners, like human beings, and as a result are not in need of saving. On the other hand, the principle of mediocrity – the notion that own case in point is most likely standard except if there is proof to the opposite – casts skepticism on this, he pointed out. Weidemann stressed that if there are extraterrestrial rational creatures at all, it is safe to believe that virtually all of them are sinners as well. He added that if aliens are sinners Jesus did not save them too. Weidemann asserted that their position among intelligent creatures in the universe would be very outstanding (Delage). With extraterrestrial life in the universe being seen as a possibility and many biblical references giving seed to this as truth, believers maybe are being tested with this theory as another way that we are tested in our faith. We are asked to have faith without seeing, and to believe without question the infinite intelligence of God the infinite possibilities he has, to let the unknown exist and still believe with a faith unfounded.